Pappenheim. Some autocephalous churches have given an eparchy or group of eparchies varying degrees of autonomy (limited self-government). But actually, lay involvement in the Cypriot election was even greater in the past. Leo I refused to accept this canon, basing himself on the fact that it was made in the absence of his legates. Eastern Orthodox vs. Roman Catholic: History & Differences Emperor vs. Patriarch After the western Roman Empire collapsed in A.D. 476, the eastern half continued under the title of the Byzantine Empire and was headquartered in Constantinople. It's the biggest crisis for these churches in centuries", Territorial Jurisdiction According to Orthodox Canon Law. Ranked in order of seniority, with the year of independence (autocephaly) given in parentheses, where applicable. Eastern Orthodox Church - Wikipedia Six of the members are Metropolitans in Turkey, and six are EP bishops with sees outside of Turkey. The Eastern Orthodox Christianity definition includes its geography, beliefs, and culture. But the Holy Synod the highest authority in the Church of Antioch decided to change the eligibility rules and elected Metropolitan John as Patriarch. Eastern Orthodoxy | Definition, Origin, History, & Facts Theological differences could have been settled if the two areas had not simultaneously developed different concepts of church authority. I dont know how the Patriarch (also called Catholicos) is elected the current primate, Patriarch Ilia, was elected way back in 1977, and I cant find any of the Patriarchates statute or other rules online. Human rights groups have long protested against conditions placed by the secular government of Turkey on the ecumenical patriarch, a religious office. Then, in the third round, the 100 special representatives, plus 31 ex-officio voters (bishops and senior clergy) voted for the winner. By the end of the 5th century, however, in the course of growing ecclesiastical centralization, it acquired a specific sense. HH Pope Shenouda III, 117th Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of All Africa on the Apostolic Throne of St Mark. The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople has suffered attacks from 1993 to 2004, including desecration of patriarchal cemeteries as well as assaults on the ecumenical patriarch. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. ), were the first to be recognized by the legislation of the emperor Justinian (reigned 527565), later confirmed by the Council in Trullo (692); these five were Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem, though, after the Muslim invasions of Egypt and Syria in 638640, the bishops of Rome and Constantinople were alone in possessing any real power. This Church includes the Copts, Armenians, Ethiopians, Eritreans and several other groups. 2005. List of Patriarchs of The Church of the East. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. That said, everyone accepts the OCA as beingcanonical(even if not autocephalous), and it is, in fact, an independent Church, selecting its own primate without any involvement from another Church. Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem - Wikipedia A pope and Moscow patriarch met for the first time since the 1,000-year-old schism between the Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church when Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill met at Jos. The ecumenical patriarch is regarded as the representative and spiritual leader of the Eastern Orthodox Christians worldwide. Each patriarch had jurisdiction over bishops in a specified geographic region. Hello Matthew. However, in 2004 Patriarch Bartholomew, with the help of the Turkish government, succeeded, after eighty years, in altering the composition of the twelve-member Standing Synod of Metropolitan Bishops in Constantinople so that it can include six bishops from outside Turkey. In Roman Catholicism, especially since the second Vatican Council, some effort has been made to restore the dignity of the Eastern-rite patriarchs as effective signs of collegiality, balancing Roman centralization. His titles primus inter pares. The ecumenical patriarch has a unique role among Eastern Orthodox bishops, though it is not without its controversy. Lower clergy and laity also have a small role in the process: a consultation involving the Standing Synod and a mixed council of clergy and lay representatives nominates two additional candidates. Orthodox not interested in reunion with Rome Ithink that a new Patriarch of Alexandria is elected by a mixed council of bishops, clergy, and laity. the Roman Empire, and it stems from Canon 28 of the Council of Chalcedon . Bartholomew I | Biography & Facts | Britannica What caused the division? The Orthodox Church is entirely decentralized: it has no central authority, earthly head, or single bishop in a leadership role. According to the Romanian Orthodox Church Statutes, candidates for Patriarch of Romania are nominated in two ways: first, three diocesan bishops are nominated by a vote of the Holy Synod. Dean, St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary,Tuckahoe, New York, 198492; Professor of Church History and Patristics, 195992. In 1997, when the ever-memorable Patriarch Petros was elected, the decision still included both clergy and laity; in a 2004 speech, Bishop George of Niloupolis recalled how Petros, by the vote of clergy and laity, was elected Patriarch of Alexandria and All Africa.. Eastern Orthodoxy - People of the Book, Mehmed II, Phanariotes, Union of Florence, Turkish Occupation | Britannica Home Philosophy & Religion Religious Beliefs Eastern Orthodoxy Orthodoxy under the Ottomans (1453-1821) The Christian ghetto The patriarchs of the Oriental Orthodox churches are: The patriarchs of the East of the Eastern Orthodox churches are: The Catholic Patriarchs of the East are generally speaking the head bishops of some of the autonomous Eastern Catholic Churches. Glory to God. The most detailed report I've found, from Greek News Online, described his election in this way: [1][2][3][4], Each constituent church is self-governing;[2] its highest-ranking bishop called the primate (a patriarch, a metropolitan or an archbishop) reports to no higher earthly authority. Except in the title, there is no difference between a patriarch and any other head of an autocephalous (independent) church. There is a self contradiction in this page. [23], The (arch)bishopric of Constantinople has had a continuous history since the founding of the city in AD 330 by Constantine the Great. Its History & Beliefs, The Encyclopedia of Chicago - Eastern Orthodox. If no candidate achieves two-thirds on the first round of voting, a second round is held, with delegates now listing two names. If no one gets a majority, up to two additional rounds of voting are held. The only two in a continuous line from St Mark are the Coptic patriarch and the Eastern Orthodox patriarch. In the 19th century, the rising tide of nationalism and secularism among the Balkan Christian nations led to the establishment of several autocephalous national churches, generally under autonomous patriarchs or archbishops, leaving the ecumenical patriarch only direct control over the ethnically Greek-originated Orthodox Christians of Turkey, parts of Greece and the archdioceses in North America, Asia, Africa and Oceania where growing Greek and other migrant communities have gradually constituted a significant orthodox diaspora. There are also autonomous churches (retaining a token canonical dependence upon a mother see) in Crete, Finland, and Japan. The highest authority in the Patriarchate of Bulgaria is the Holy Synod, which consists of the Patriarch and all ruling metropolitans. The Orthodox church accepts the decisions of the seven ecumenical councils as well as several later ones. As it turned out, the 2006 election was a complete mess. All rights reserved. If none of the three candidates reaches the two-thirds threshold, a runoff election is held between the top two vote-getters. List of Patriarchs of the East. | Eastern Orthodox In the sixth century, Constantinople, in the minds of Eastern Christians, was firmly established as the primary see in the Christian pentarchy, even though the see of Rome was still technically considered the "first among equals." This is a list of current Christian popes and patriarchs who are notable. It gained importance when Emperor Constantine elevated Byzantium to a second capital alongside Rome and named it Constantinople. Im not sure if there have been any changes to the process in the intervening 23 years. Except in the title, there is no difference between a patriarch and any other head of an autocephalous (independent) church. The highest authority in the Patriarchate of Jerusalem is the Holy Synod, whose members are appointed by the Patriarch and include both bishops and archimandrites. As a journalist I appreciate your objectivity in reporting on the subject. If nobody gets two-thirds in thatelection, theres another runoff involving the same two men, and this continues until someone gets enough votes to win. Professor of Byzantine and East European History, Fordham University, Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [19], The order of the diptychs is that of the four ancient patriarchates as given above. Any member of the Holy Synod is eligible to nominate himself for election as Archbishop. https://www.britannica.com/topic/patriarch-Eastern-Orthodoxy, patriarch - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. Patriarchs of independent Eastern Orthodox Churches Patriarch of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Kyiv Patriarchate Patriarch of the Russian Old-Orthodox Church Patriarch of the Turkish Orthodox Church Pope and patriarchs in the Oriental Orthodox Churches Patriarchs of independent Oriental Orthodox Churches Patriarch of the British Orthodox Church The patriarchs of the East of the Eastern Orthodox churches are: The Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East - List (1), List (2) Catholic Patriarchs of the East The Catholic Patriarchs of the East are generally speaking the head bishops of some of the autonomous Eastern Catholic Churches. The degree of lay involvement in Romanian Patriarchal elections is fairly limited, then laity have a role in the election process, but for the most part this is still a hierarchy-driven election. The primate holds the title Archbishop of Athens, and he presides over a 12-member Standing Synod, which functions as a kind of executive committee. Updates? List of current popes and patriarchs - Wikipedia Rome maintained that only apostolic sees, those originally established by apostles, had the right to become patriarchates. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The OCA primate is nominated by a mixed council called the All-American Council. Thank you for your very kind words, James. [1] [2] [3] [4] It is situated on the river Altmhl, 11 km south of Weienburg in Bayern . The patriarchs of the Church of the East traditionally also carry the title of catholicos. Doctrinally, Eastern Orthodoxy differs from Roman Catholicism in that it does not accept the primacy of the pope or the clause in the Western creed that states that the Holy Spirit proceeds from both the Father (God) and the Son (Jesus). The official designation of the church in Eastern Orthodox liturgical or canonical texts is the Orthodox Catholic Church. Because of the historical links of Eastern Orthodoxy with the Eastern Roman Empire and Byzantium (Constantinople), however, in English usage it is referred to as the Eastern or Greek Orthodox Church. The Patriarch of Rome was "first in place of honour" among the five patriarchs. Except in the title, there is no difference between a patriarch and any other head of an autocephalous (independent) church. The patriarchates of Constantinople, Alexandria, and Antioch, for example, present only shadows of their past glory. Remaining in communion with each other after the 1054 schism with Rome. Attempts at ecclesiastical union and theological renaissance, The reforms of Peter the Great (reigned 16821725), The Eastern Orthodox Church since World War I, The Russian Revolution and the Soviet period, The Eastern Orthodox Church in the Middle East. Eastern churches that are not headed by patriarchs are instead headed by bishops who are titled major archbishops, metropolitans, or in a few cases merely eparchs. English-language reports about his election are hard to track down. Ahead of the most recent Archepiscopal elections in 2008, the U.S. Embassy to Greece prepared a helpful memo summarizing the process. A new Patriarch of Antioch is elected by a vote of the Holy Synod. If no one reaches the two-thirds threshold, a runoff election is held involving the top two vote-getters. No other auxiliary bishops participate in the Holy Synod. As I said above, the OCAs claim to autocephaly is not recognized by most of the worlds Orthodox Churches. Too many journalists today, and some Orthodox followers, want to impress people with their superior knowledge. For the East, the highest authority in settling doctrinal disputes was the ecumenical council. List of Patriarchs - OrthodoxWiki For the current patriarch, see, Archbishop of Constantinople, New Rome and Ecumenical Patriarch, The Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople. If any candidate receives a majority of the votes after the first round, he wins the election. So I understand that there's levels of authority with the laity at the bottom with priests above them and bishops above the priests and then above the bishops you have the patriarchs. The current Patriarch, Theodoros, was elected in 2004. Eastern Orthodoxy - Wikipedia [1][2][3] The term ecumenical in the title is a historical reference to the Ecumene, a Greek designation for the civilised world, i.e. The patriarch was designated millet-ba (ethnarch) of the Millet of Rum, which included all Orthodox Christians under Ottoman rule, regardless of their ethnicity in the modern sense. Each patriarch of the east has authority over all bishops of a particular eastern rite church. How Are Orthodox Patriarchs Chosen? - Orthodox History This was the result of a fairly complex process three rounds of nominations, followed by the finalists names being placed in a Gospel, with one name drawn out by a monk, leaving the final choice to the Holy Spirit. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. His unique role often sees the ecumenical patriarch referred to as the spiritual leader[5][6] of the Orthodox Church in some sources, though this is not an official title of the patriarch nor is it usually used in scholarly sources on the patriarchate. Patriarchs of the East - Wikipedia In his role as head of the Orthodox Church of Constantinople, he is known as the "archbishop of Constantinople, New Rome".[11]. If I were to revisit this article in a decade, its likely that some of it would be out of date. Thousands of people have gathered outside the cathedral in North Macedonias capital during a protest called by the countrys Orthodox Church against proposed draft laws on gender equality and gender identity. Corrections? Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The term Eastern Orthodox Patriarch may refer to: - any of nine canonical patriarchs of the Eastern Orthodox Church, such as: - any of several non-canonical patriarchs within the Eastern Orthodox tradition: Last edited on 21 February 2021, at 13:54, Ukrainian Orthodox Church Kyiv Patriarchate, Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church Canonical, Autocephalous Turkish Orthodox Patriarchate, Oriental Orthodox Patriarch (disambiguation), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Patriarch&oldid=1008085572, This page was last edited on 21 February 2021, at 13:54. I failed to fix that line in the article. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. To make things even more complicated, its fairly common for the Churches to modify their election processes. 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The modern pan-Orthodox conferences were thus convoked by the ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople. The concept of the Pentarchy and the title of "Patriarch" itself, as opposed to Archbishop or Exarch, is attributed to St Justinian in AD 531. Each regional church is composed of constituent eparchies (or dioceses) ruled by bishops. A repository with scientific papers on various aspects of the history of the Patriarchate in Byzantine times in English and in German, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople&oldid=1155411626, 38 (founded); 451 (granted title of patriarch), This page was last edited on 18 May 2023, at 01:50. Church of Jerusalem - OrthodoxWiki There is, however, no Orthodox notion equivalent to the papacy: the Orthodox churches operate in the synodical system, whereby ecclesiastical matters are settled by the competent synod of bishops, in which each bishop has one vote. In 2006, Benedict XVI renounced the title of "Patriarch of the West" (Patriarcha Occidentis).[1]. In western Europe and in the Americas, in particular, overlapping jurisdictions have been set up, and political passions have led to the formation of ecclesiastical organizations without clear canonical status. Almost two thousand years ago, Jesus Christ, the Son of God, came to earth and founded the Church, through His Apostles and disciples, for the salvation of man. Several of the autocephalous churches are de facto national churches, the Russian church being by far the largest. Patriarch - New World Encyclopedia The patriarchate of Constantinople, having the primacy of honor after Rome, was set up when the Eastern capital was established; it included Asia Minor and the Balkan Peninsula. The term patriarch may also refer to certain of the Old Testament fathers of the Jewish nation, such as Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Joseph . His name was picked at random from a chalice containing three names by a blindfolded boy in 2012. HISTORIC ARTICLE Jul 16, 1054 CE: Great Schism On July 16, 1054, Patriarch of Constantinople Michael Cerularius was excommunicated, starting the "Great Schism" that created the two largest denominations in Christianitythe Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox faiths. This role was carried out by ethnic Greeks at their great peril, in the midst of enormous difficulties and traps[citation needed] and inevitably with mixed success. As best I can tell, the Standing Synod does not have a decision-making role in the election of a new Archbishop. But only one candidate received 10 votes in the nominating elections, so the Holy Synod voted to round the threshold down to 9, which allowed the full slate of three candidates to be nominated. [4], The ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople is first among equals, or first in honor among all Eastern Orthodox bishops, who presides in personor through a delegateover any council of Orthodox primates or bishops in which he takes part and serves as primary spokesman for the Orthodox communion especially in ecumenical contacts with other Christian denominations. The growth of Roman primacy, based on the concept of the apostolic origin of the church of Rome, was incompatible with the Eastern idea that the importance of certain local churchesRome, Alexandria, Antioch, and, later, Constantinoplecould be determined only by their numerical and political significance. The Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem or Eastern Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem, officially Patriarch of Jerusalem (Greek: ; Arabic: ; Hebrew: ), is the head bishop of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem, ranking fourth of nine Patriarchs in the Eastern Orthodox Church. Such autonomous churches maintain varying levels of dependence on their mother church, usually defined in a tomos or another document of autonomy. The Patriarch himself has the ultimate say over who sits on the Synod. [1] It was, and still is, officially used by different branches of the historical Church of the East. A subset of these bishops make up the Standing Synod, which acts as an executive committee. I just want to let you know that I appreciate your reporting on several levels. Besides this, the patriarchate of Antioch has a title of 'Patriarch of Antioch and All The East'. [27][bettersourceneeded]. Thus, the person of Bartholomew and by extension the position of the ecumenical patriarch is now being viewed as a religious spokesperson on environmental issues and the "green" spiritual leader in the world. At least five of the Churches have no lay involvement at all, with only bishops electing the primate. Under the OCA Statute, the highest authority in the OCA is the Holy Synod, which includes the primate (titled Metropolitan) and the other ruling bishops. My thanks to Fr Alex Karloutsos and Menios Papadimitriou for correcting me on this point. This primacy, expressed in canonical literature as presbeia ("prerogatives", literally: "seniorities"), grants to the ecumenical patriarch the right to preside at pan-Orthodox synods. After that nominating round, the ultimate decision seems to have been made by a 13-member Holy Synod, which elected Theodoros unanimously. These terms are sometimes misleading, especially when applied to Russian or Slavic churches and to the Orthodox communities in western Europe and America. Eastern Orthodoxy - Eastern Orthodoxy - Byzantine, Schism, Reformation: At the beginning of the 2nd millennium of Christian history, the church of Constantinople, capital of the Eastern Roman (or Byzantine) Empire, was at the peak of its world influence and power. The most recent election took place in 2006, and at the time, there were not two rounds but three. Vice President Al Gore welcomes the "Green Patriarch" to the Vice Presidential Residence in Washington, DC. The ecumenical patriarch is regarded as the representative and spiritual leader of the Eastern Orthodox Christians worldwide. For the Patriarch of the Church of the East, see, sfn error: no target: CITEREFWalker1985 (, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Catholicos-Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East, Catholicos-Patriarch of the Ancient Church of the East, Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East, Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East, Syrian Catholic Patriarch of Antioch and all the East, Melkite Catholic Patriarch of Antioch and all the East, of Alexandria, and of Jerusalem, Maronite Patriarch of Antioch and all the East, Armenian Catholic Catholicos-Patriarch of Cilicia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patriarchs_of_the_East&oldid=1136690090, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2017, All Wikipedia articles needing clarification, Articles needing additional references from January 2010, All articles needing additional references, Articles with multiple maintenance issues, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0, This page was last edited on 31 January 2023, at 17:07. [5], Normal governance is enacted through a synod of bishops within each church. The Council of Chalcedon in 451 established Constantinople as a patriarchate with ecclesiastical jurisdiction over Asia Minor (the dioceses of Asiane and Pontus) and Thrace as well as over the barbaric territories, non-converted lands outside the defined area of the Western Patriarchate (Old Rome) and the other three patriarchates, Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem, gave it appellate jurisdiction extraterritorially over canon law decisions by the other patriarchs and granted it honours equal to those belonging to the first Christian see, Rome, in terms of primacy, Rome retaining however its seniority (canon xxviii). [15] In 2006, the patriarchate was invited to hear the appeal of a Russian Orthodox bishop in the United Kingdom in a dispute with his superior in Moscow, though the result of that appeal and the right to make it were both rejected by the latter.[16].