[102][103], In late December 1985 an agreement was reached between the Syrians and their Lebanese allies to stabilise the situation in Lebanon. Palestinians would go on to play a very important role in future Lebanese civil conflicts, while the establishment of Israel, radically changed the region around Lebanon. The Sixth of February Movement was another pro-Palestinian Nasserist minor militia that sided with the PLO in the War of the Camps in the 1980s. They were expelled from West Beirut following their defeat in the, The Israelis withdraw from Sidon but remain in the south. Meanwhile, in the South, on 19 April, Haddad's militia shelled Sidon, killing sixteen civilians. Aoun's forces had made no significant inroads on the areas under Geagea's control.[109]. The French created the state of Greater Lebanon as a safe haven for the Maronites, but included a large Muslim population within the borders. On 31 January 1990, Lebanese Army forces loyal to Aoun attacked the LF positions in East Beirut, after Aoun had stated that it was in the national interest for the government to "unify the weapons" (i.e. There were also outbreaks of fighting in neighbouring Baalbek.[69]. Muslim and Palestinian militias retaliated with force, increasing the total death count to between 200 and 600 civilians and militiamen. [61] Arafat refused to condemn these attacks on the grounds that the cease-fire was only relevant to Lebanon. Early on Friday, there were two or three explosions around the Rashidieh Palestinian refugee camp, 5km (3 miles . There has been some speculation that Saad's attempts to narrow the differences between the fishermen and the consortium, and his acceptance of a place on the board made him a target of attack by the conspirator who sought a full conflagration around the small protest. first parliamentary elections in twenty years take place, Syrian intervention in the Lebanese Civil War, United Nations Security Council Resolution 509, suicide bombing attack at the U.S. Embassy, List of modern conflicts in the Middle East, IMPLEMENTATION OF GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION 60/251 OF 15 MARCH 2006 ENTITLED HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL, "Ex-militia fighters in post-war Lebanon", "National Council of Arab Americans (NCA)", "Change and Continuity among the Lebanese Druze Community: The Civil Administration of the Mountains, 198390", "Lebanon: Carving Out a Christian Canton", "In the Spotlight: PKK (a.k.a KADEK) Kurdish Worker's Party", "Abdullah calan en de ontwikkeling van de PKK", "HizbollahSyrian Intelligence Affairs: A Marriage of Convenience", "Christian massacres in Chouf and in West Beirut", https://www.ictj.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-Report-Lebanon-Mapping-2013-EN_0.pdf, "Lebanon's Legacy of Political Violence: A Mapping of Serious Violations of International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law in Lebanon, 19752008", "133 Statement to the press by Prime Minister Begin on the massacre of Israelis on the Haifa Tel Aviv Road 12 March 1978", "United Nations Security Council Resolution 508", "United Nations Security Council Resolution 509", United Nations Security Council Draft Resolution of 8 June 1982 (Spain), "United Nations Security Council Revised Draft Resolution of 25 June 1982 (France)", "Obituary: Elie Hobeika | World news | The Guardian | Mostyn, Trevor, Friday 25 January 2002", "The Ordeal for Lebanon: 14 Years and 7 Months", "After 2 Decades, Scars of Lebanon's Civil War Block Path to Dialogue", "Beirut in Baghdad: Is the 'Lebanonization' of Iraq complete? Result: No open hostilities since 8 August 2006: Belligerents; PLO (1968-1982) The two main alliances were the Lebanese Front, consisting of nationalist Maronites who were against Palestinian militancy in Lebanon, and the Lebanese National Movement, which consisted of pro-Palestinian Leftists. She was brought up as Catholic but, now, she is not religious anymore. On 12 August 1976, supported by Syria, Maronite forces managed to overwhelm the Palestinian and leftist militias defending the camp. South Lebanon conflict The Lebanese Civil War (1975-2005) was a lengthy and destructive civil war that occurred in Lebanon during the late 20th century. When the Israeli cabinet convened to authorize the invasion, Sharon described it as a plan to advance 40kilometers into Lebanon, demolish PLO strongholds, and establish an expanded security zone that would put northern Israel out of range of PLO rockets. After this point, all-out fighting began between the militias. He was succeeded by Elias Hrawi (who remained in office until 1998). While he seems to have had significant Maronite support for this, he was still perceived as a sectarian leader among others by the Muslim population, who distrusted his agenda. [48], The Lebanese Alawites, followers of a sect of Shia Islam, were represented by the 1,000-strong Red Knights Militia of the Arab Democratic Party, which was pro-Syrian due to the Alawites being dominant in Syria, and mainly acted in Northern Lebanon around Tripoli.[49]. On 3 June 1982, the Abu Nidal Organization, a splinter group of Fatah, attempted to assassinate Israeli ambassador Shlomo Argov in London. In March 1991, parliament passed an amnesty law that pardoned all political crimes prior to its enactment. [citation needed]. A crowd of fifty thousand attended their funeral with calls for revenge. Hobeika formed the Lebanese Forces Executive Command which remained allied with Syria until the end of the war. These two massacres prompted a mass exodus of Muslims and Christians, as people fearing retribution fled to areas under the control of their own sect. However, the country had a large Muslim population to match, and many pan-Arabist and left-wing groups opposed the Christian-dominated pro-Western government. On 11 March 1978, eleven Fatah fighters landed on a beach in northern Israel and proceeded to hijack two buses full of passengers on the Haifa Tel-Aviv road, shooting at passing vehicles in what became known as the Coastal Road massacre. In 2005, the assassination of Rafik Hariri sparked the Cedar Revolution leading to Syrian military withdrawal from the country. [66][67], In Beirut sniper fire across the Green Line between East and West Beirut increased, climaxing in April with lengthy artillery exchanges. With nationhood, the ongoing civil war was transformed into a state conflict between Israel and the Arab states, the 1948 ArabIsraeli War. [24][25][26], The Armenian Marxist-Leninist militia ASALA was founded in PLO-controlled territory of West Beirut in 1975. In 1989 AP reported 150,000 dead over fourteen and a half years. 2012 October - Security chief Wissam . 1214 21 August eleven killed, 24 August eight killed. Returning to Lebanon, they ratified the agreement on 4 November and elected Rene Mouawad as president the following day. The Safra massacre, known as the Day of the Long Knives, occurred in the coastal town Safra (north of Beirut) on 7 July 1980, as part of Bashir Gemayel's effort to consolidate all the Maronite fighters under his leadership in the Lebanese Forces. [114], In the 15years of strife, there were at least 3,641 car bombs, which left 4,386 people dead and thousands more injured. Arafat's control of funds, channeled directly to him by the oil producing countries like Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Libya meant that he had little real functional opposition to his leadership and although ostensibly rival factions in the PLO existed, this masked a stable loyalty towards Arafat so long as he was able to dispense financial rewards to his followers and members of the PLO guerrilla factions. Throughout the war most or all militias operated with little regard for human rights, and the sectarian character of some battles, made non-combatant civilians a frequent target. Many SLA soldiers fled to Israel, while others were captured in Lebanon and prosecuted for collaboration with Israel and treason. The Israeli cabinet authorized a limited operation, and Begin made it clear that IDF troops were not to advance farther than 25 miles (40 km) beyond the Lebanese border. The conflict resulted in Syrian Army's expulsion from East Beirut, the end of Arab Deterrent Force's task in Lebanon and revealed the true intentions of the Syrians in Lebanon. Israel did not intervene. General Aoun is forced out of the presidential palace and goes into exile. Certain groups in the Lebanese National Movement wished to bring about a more secular and democratic order, but as this group increasingly included Islamist groups, encouraged to join by the PLO, the more progressive demands of the initial agenda was dropped by January 1976. 55 people were killed. On 2 January 1989, clashes erupted in Iqlim al-Tuffah in Southern Lebanon between the two sides without any significant territorial changes. Nasser felt that the pro-western Baghdad Pact posed a threat to Arab nationalism. As Saddam Hussein focused his attention on Kuwait, Iraqi supplies to Aoun dwindled. South Lebanon conflict may refer to: 1978 South Lebanon conflict; South Lebanon conflict (1985-2000) 2006 Lebanon War This page was last edited on 30 December 2019, at 04:30 (UTC). Lebanese Muslims pushed the government to join the newly created United Arab Republic, a country formed out of the unification of Syria and Egypt, while the majority of Lebanese and especially the Maronites wanted to keep Lebanon as an independent nation with its own independent parliament. Especially from. Sadr adamantly opposed the in-fighting and criticized the neglect of Shiite areas by the government and traditional Shiite leaderships. Israeli chief of staff Rafael Eitan and Sharon had already ordered the invading forces to head straight for Beirut, in accord with Sharon's plan from September 1981. The Maronite population of the village fled. [100] The violence quickly escalated with extensive artillery exchanges. Israeli-Lebanese conflict - Wikipedia The Israeli Prime Minister, Likud's Menachem Begin, compared the plight of the Christian minority in southern Lebanon (then about 5% of the population in SLA territory) to that of European Jews during World War II. The more ideological factions, however, included George Habash's Marxist-Leninist Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), and its splinter, the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP) of Nayef Hawatmeh. Increasingly, Lebanon's officials and politicians raise the specter of internal conflict. Military leader Michel Aoun in East Beirut refused to accept Mouawad, and denounced the Taif Agreement. Israel strikes Lebanon and Gaza after major rocket attack The Lebanese Army began deploying in Southern Lebanon on 17 August 2006. Israel carried out a retaliatory aerial attack on PLO and PFLP targets in West Beirut that led to over 100 casualties. Events in South, Begin, US blocked Israeli intervention, commando raids. [94][95] On 18 January 1984, American University of Beirut President Malcolm H. Kerr was murdered. Additionally, Phalange members took hostages and attacked Muslims in East Beirut. There was also the Popular Nasserist Organization in Sidon that was formed through the followers of Maarouf Saad, and who rallied later behind his son Mustafa Saad, and now are led by Usama Saad. Hezbollah largely controls security in southern Lebanon, and has previously fought multiple wars with Israel. Israeli artillery strikes Lebanon after anti-tank missile launch [98], On 8 March 1985 a car bomb exploded in Bir al-Abid, south Beirut, killing 80 and injuring over 400. The Armenian Revolutionary Federation in Lebanon refused to take sides in the conflict though its armed wing the Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide[47] and the Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia did carry out assassinations and operations during the war. South Lebanon conflict - Wikipedia Tension with the LF grew, as Aoun feared that the militia was planning to link up with the Hrawi administration. Some Western hostages kidnapped during the mid-1980s were held until June 1992. The small Druze sect, strategically and dangerously seated on the Chouf in central Lebanon, had no natural allies, and so were compelled to put much effort into building alliances. The Amal Party and the Druze Progressive Socialist Party take control of West Beirut. The Taif Agreement of 1989 marked the beginning of the end of the fighting. No 106, 17 August 1979; pp. Fatah and other Palestinian groups had attempted to mount a coup in Jordan by incentivizing a split in the Jordanian army, something that the ANM had attempted to do a decade earlier by Nasser's bidding. The Progressive Socialist Party's territory was the "Civil Administration of the Mountain," commonly known as the Jebel-el-Druze (a name which had formerly been used for a Druze state in Syria). South Lebanon conflict Connected to: {{::readMoreArticle.title}} From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.