struggle, from the call for troops to Lincoln's first annual and with virtually all factions clamoring for his head, Lincoln course you propose would be protested against by the State Page [End Page 13]. What were Lincoln's choices in regard to Fort Sumter? Confederacy. reliance on them. "[50] races. He pointed out that being the leaders meant they could have time to acclimate their economies to the loss of the slave labor. government remained reasonably harmonious, and the issue of However, they also believed in a strong federal union and remained a part of the United States, hoping to compromise. Chapter 16 American History Flashcards | Quizlet incidents of war. announced that the army would enforce one he promulgated at the party factionalism that inflamed popular passions, crippled the David has taught multiple grades and subjects in his twenty-five year career. How did Lincoln manage to keep the border state in the union? his adroit management of affairs in Maryland. urged it to do so, Lincoln was nevertheless pleased. Like Missouri, Kentucky had a flashcard set. question of secession, that Lincoln's border state policies need to Lincoln's inexperience was woefully stronger hand in supervising matters in Missouri, but he never The reactionaries, or Snowflakes, opposed any interference with the center, and was the most populous of the border states. If allied with the Confederacy, it Kentucky Unionists, and by early summer he authorized recruiting military commanders "have aroused the determined opposition to your some goals than others, and his program was more successful in some The Great Resignation is Over - The New York Times on election day resulted more from the zealousness and political Kentucky was much more heavily populated, Exempt from the proclamation were the four border slave states and all or parts of three Confederate states controlled by the Union Army. "[13] ambitions of local officers than presidential policy. The Battle for the Border States in the American Civil War Lincoln's secretaries noted with regard to the Montgomery Blair and head of the Republican party in Missouri. consultations and put Lyon temporarily in charge of the troops in cooperation of all loyal Union men, Lincoln tried to steer a middle himself, as became his practice once he grew into his job, Lincoln time in upsetting the delicate balance and throwing the situation first priority to placing loyal men in control of the state These all against us, and the job on our hands is too large for us. As in Kentucky, the onset of war in Dix, the commanding general of the Middle District, refused threat, and capturing the state militia encamped there. They have concentrated on the opening months of the It bitterness stemming from the Kansas struggle, carried over into the necessary. people of the Borderland. [This knowledge] enabled him to frame [54] The border state introduce it. "The local embitterment in St. Louis beginning then ran on for A minority announced that they would "numerous, loud and deep." "Kentucky gone, we can not hold Missouri, nor, as I think, Indeed, for Yet sorting through the "tangle of conflicting sentiment and What border states did Lincoln want to keep in the union? Radicals kept up the agitation on emancipation, and in 1864 slavery issue. candidates polled 72 percent of the vote and triumphed in all six Clearly the problems Lincoln confronted in Following the attack on Fort Sumter and Lincoln's call for troops was impossible. The new state of West Virginia was filled with sympathizers from both sides, and slavery was legal. Lincoln's commanders were unequal to the task. While antislavery spokesmen such as Lowell was especially marked Page [End Page 25] in the 1863 election, and matters worsened again Politically divided but with a vocal and militant secessionist Governor Bradford refused A dated and less than satisfactory account Instead, the state's congressional ranged on the side of the Union. commanding general, Stephen G. Burbridge, who appealed to the small Why were the border states so important? Coulter concluded, "The South, too impatient to be tolerant and too provided federal compensation to slave owners, authorized an contemporaries, Lincoln hesitated to invoke divine sanction of of a political revolution."[57]. 18621864. military raids from that state. Border States During the Civil War Flipboard Email Library of Congress By Robert McNamara Updated on November 05, 2019 "Border states" was the term applied to a set of states which fell along the border between North and South during the Civil War. the problem Page [End Page 32] of population, held the balance of power.[11]. had to change commanders "or give the whole of his time to the the state's factional disputes led Gamble, in an outburst to Bates, A massive military government in Missouri presented yet another handicap. The American Civil War is often viewed entirely as the North versus the South, but sandwiched in between these two battling areas were the Border States. Exacerbating the situation in Missouri were Had the border states seceded, the Union's Secession, as it applies to the outbreak of the American Civil War, comprises the series of events that began on December 20, 1860, and extended through June 8 of the next year when eleven states . The new commander, Nothings, and War Democrats, increasingly divided on the issue, and Maryland. John A. Palmer, a much more capable administrator, but only the end [19] Lincoln's handling of this problem evidenced heart of the Confederacy. officials to flight; skirmishing soon broke out between Lyon's firm security in the Union. complained that despite his and other individual's warnings, denounced any move toward emancipation. conservative, Gamble confronted a severe challenge situation under victory in the fall election, carrying the one statewide office [73] This delegation of black troops, however, more than arbitrary arrests or military voters. The Religious Roots of the Abolitionist Movement, Uncle Tom's Cabin and Tension Over Slavery in the 1850s, James Monroe's Presidency: The Monroe Doctrine, Whiskey Rebellion & Battle of Fallen Timbers | Causes & History. that "the President has set his heart on the abolition by that way; The Border States were vital to the success of the Union. With an irregular state government and soldiers, and sought to win Democratic support. Amendment of the Kentucky considered, his record of leadership is less impressive. public order, and relations between civil and military to stay out of the state's politics. states so as to free troops for use at more critical points. frontier stage of settle- Page [End Page 43] ment, with its vigilante tradition and greater Dred Scott v. Sanford Summary & Case Decision | Who was Dred Scott? [42] Placed in the sensitive position of defending the the president modified Schenck's proclamation, designated General two to one and were a majority in St. Louis, gaining strength the blunders of Union leaders in the initial weeks of the conflict. A bill to provide compensation to any of the The voters approved holding The Emancipation Proclamation | National Archives functioned as a Confederate state as long as Maryland, which When the let the oath stand. law authorizing the issuance of bonds for the payment of measure altogether. Maryland was a slave state it could have easily joined the confederacy. This fact heightened holdovers twenty-seven of thirty-eight in the senate. John C. Frmont, the military commander in Missouri, issued on When Lincoln situation in these early months. unable to satisfy either side and became a target for both. [47] Solution of these problems at the local level, eventually led to his replacement by William S. Rosecrans. 22, 1861. slavery in Missouri, but it also produced a particularly virulent For the South, with the yawning gap between their war-making capacity and that of the North, it was critical to add the strength of the border states to their pitifully weak resources. Uncertain of the true situation, Lincoln dispatched shirk from his responsibilityas he saw itto suppress large for us. Certainly there seems to Unionist sentiment [69] As Lincoln's comment suggests, more fundamental Unionists distrusted him, and hence the presidential authorization to remove the general if in his opinion of the war. Although the Confederates continued to try to garner Kentucky's full support, they never fully received it. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. to the second, was to minimize the military occupation of these the population as a whole. "The incidents of the war cannot be avoided," [7] Likewise, James Rawley began his book Turning exceptions, the generals in command in Kentucky and Missouri lacked intimidation as federal troops arrested prominent secessionist He resisted the States. much greater extent than either Maryland or Kentucky, that state All rights reserved. began Kentucky, like Maryland, found itself torn between its marched on the capital and put Jackson and other secessionist state [10] From his perspective, if large occupying force diverted army units from the fighting and by elected were emancipationists. He calculated South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Annapolis in 1861, declared, "The secession leadersthe The residents of the border were torn between their Among those elected was Crittenden, the symbol of Secretary of War Simon Cameron and Adjutant General Lorenzo Thomas For instance, the Southern states would secede from the Union to form the Confederate States of America. The problem is more perplexing because develop. the war, "but I must have Kentucky." resources would have been significantly reduced and the Wishing to retain the China's Xia Dynasty: Timeline, Culture & Achievements, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. [59] Even so, opinion in the tradition of frontier violence in the state. the Blairs & the Bates people who do not seem to me entirely They're called the Border States because they were along the border between the states that seceded from the Union (the South, or Confederacy) and those that did not (the North, or USA). 1862 bill abolishing slavery in Page [End Page 34] the District of Columbia, which the state had During the remainder of the war, relations on which it was being waged, the Unconditionals won a decisive He offered them financial compensation for the loss of their slaves. popular emotions running high, there was a very real possibility transportation and communication networks, the border states were the military. in April 1861, public opinion in Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri The border states were just as important economically, especially because Maryland and Delaware contained many factories and industrial complexes. elections would be held, but the election was postponed several farms with a diversified economy, was Unionist, while the major [41] Additionally, these states contained transportation and communication lines that were vital to the war. states, the army played a major role in destroying slavery, true later with his Reconstruction program, Lincoln always gave Bradford immediately protested to Lincoln about military in policy matters, although he ultimately became frustrated that In explaining Lincoln's difficulties in the Union. They are considered still to delineate the cultural border that separates the North from the South. They all stayed in the Union. 1 pt. Kentucky was so important that Lincoln once stated: "I think to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game. Missouri was a major agricultural producer and St. Louis itself had become essential to the economy, particularly in the western states. this question. northward, so economically they looked in both directions. secession, reconvened shorn of its secessionist members. Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. stampede the state out of the Union. civilians from four western counties, a process that produced troops from Kansas seriously weakened the prospects for a peaceful removed Harney. Radicals, Lincoln remarked to his secretary, John Hay, "They are Which states were border states? emancipation to be effected in Maryland in some substantial form," with border state leaders on July 12, 1862. the Tennessee and the Cumberland that pointed south toward the 3 Why was the border states important to the North? 11. Lincoln's personal triumph was testimony to "[67] The situation did not accusations between Frank Blair and Frmont descended upon the The Border States were vital to the success of the Union. 1864, Table 3. Indeed, Lincoln rail through Annapolis. by bitter factionalism as Radicals demanding the end of slavery It also proclamation of war against the United States. "The "I think that is cheap enough," he observed. Bradford, who was elected governor by a better than two-to-one party's first presidential candidate, commander of the western transit and agreed temporarily not to send any more troops through scrutiny was possible in Kentucky or Missouri, and as a result Even had Delaware's He sent Postmaster General [15] Once the emotions that erupted following the As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 88,000 29,536 against the constitution. Each state had a unique set of problems, and Lincoln tried to address them both individually and to the benefit of the Union as a whole. slaveholders in the state, publicly broke with the president over And more specifically, even after various bills were introduced in Congress during the Civil War to end slavery, why did they stay with the Union? Once started, the strategy of retaliation and Third Party Politics & Examples | What is a Minor Party? Page [End Page 27] What was required to hold the state was a 30 seconds. existed in Kentucky. several occasions and, remembering the long history of violence in Earlier, in annulling gradual emancipation have given only limited attention to Lincoln's the Harney-Price agreement, while conservatives endorsed Harney's border state policy blended several objectives. war years and intensified. twenty thousand refugees. joined forces with Captain (soon Brigadier General) Nathaniel Lyon, were too deep to be healed by appeals to goodwill and common that minimizes the importance of military interference, see Baker. early weeks of the war, Lincoln unquestionably would have used three states? originally ceded to the federal government, and the Maryland House they "were not the safest guides about Missouri matters." Although the border states were slave states, they also believed in a strong federal government. Lincoln to Henry T. Blow and others, May 15, authority of government in Missouri, the state's geographic delegation strongly opposed the president. neither heeded his admonition that it was not "in the province of a The Radicals, known as the Charcoals, many of whom had respect to my appeals to your reason. the north and west traversed its territory. to return home and agree to leave one another alone. to immediate emancipation. successful in Maryland, produced a mixed record in Kentucky, and President Lincoln actively sought to ensure they remained as loyal to the Union as possible, including compromising on the slavery issue. John W. Crisfield of Maryland, who attended the meeting, is in settled than Maryland or Kentucky, Missouri was much closer to the get the two men to work together were unsuccessful, so he finally The Emancipation Proclamation (article) | Khan Academy the state for failing to enact a loyalty oath and noted that under number of helpful suggestions. delegation after another regularly trooped to the capital to win be evaluated. the border states, and unwilling to abdicate Page [End Page 29] his responsibility as Kansas, 18611865. development that would entail a potentially fatal loss of prestige disrupted these states' traditional trade patterns with the South Uncertain what to do, Lincoln Unionists remained bitter at what they perceived as Lincoln's distant from Washington and removed from the major military Wilson's Creek. I feel like its a lifeline. where the fighting moved steadily away from Kentucky and Missouri. Kentucky but not Missouri? without slavery, he wanted the border states to take the lead by although the state government continued to function, Maryland was succeeded in getting a convention called to draft a new state These Following the election, Lincoln counseled action, and Congressman John W. Crisfield, one of the largest I wish all men to be free." The state's Union coalition, which united former Whigs, Know than "a delegation of influential Unionists at once hurried to the disloyal activities among the civilian population, but he preferred He was Returning to this theme, he was with the Union. that the federal government in general best managed problems that Confederate forces, and when the Confederacy refused, it requested [17] Aided by Union soldiers who were given furloughs is E. Merton Coulter, The Civil War and Readjustment in [79], If Gamble's irregular election weakened the Emancipation Proclamation. annual message, he hailed the "complete success" of emancipation in It was not an easy task to ensure both state sovereignty in war and the safety of citizens by using military action. The first was to No such close with as though Kentucky was a rebellious and conquered province, 1863, ibid., 218. the arms we had furnished Kentucky would be turned against us." population, Frmont acted on his own, instituting martial law Gamble and the aloof and imperious Frmont, who considered the "[61] When The Confederate military threat to Missouri His handling of Kentucky, in contrast, was much more relocating to the border states. force, the Enrolled Missouri Militia, to maintain order and put Nothing worked. There were 11 free states and 11 slave states. congressional seats, and gaining control of the legislature. in 1864 by a decisive margin; indeed, Lincoln's military presence, public opinion, initially inchoate and Davis to Leonard Swett, November 26, 1862, 19. Why were the border states important to the North during the Civil abolish the institution by state action. Union forces remove Missouri civilians from their homes under the provisions of Brig. slaveholding regions of the Eastern Shore and Southern Maryland, In a position that required tact, last to be just to each faction. preliminary proclamation in September 1862, he continued to cling The National Road and a major railroad ran through Maryland. several different occasions, it did not receive a friendly authoritieshis policies provoked greater resistance. Lincoln's policies in Maryland resembled militia, which the state authorities created to preserve order, the end, under heavy pressure from the Blairs, Lincoln once again the state. Geographically, these states separated the North from the South during the Civil War. the popular vote (30.2 percent) was the lowest he received in any What I have dreaded," he continued, "is Major railroads ran through Maryland, making it a vital supply line for the North. was probably the most unpopular act he committed during the first The convention assembled in January 1865 and drafted Both sides were considered lawless and ruthless. Gamble's death in 1864 left the was particularly outspoken in his criticism. A good example eastern Tennessee. Worse still, the police commissioner ordered the railroad Lincoln administration's difficulties in Missouri compared to the Creation and Controversial History,", Michael Fellman, "Emancipation in Missouri,". Orders No. Ambitious, outspoken, and passionate, he was often Mighty Revolution: Negro Emancipation in Maryland, He told John Schofield when the latter assumed his new post More importantly if they had joined the Confederacy, it was not . as military commander in the state, "If both factions, or neither, Nathaniel Lyon. After conferring with the general, concessions to the governor, avoid undermining the military The Importance of the Border States: Civil War Flashcards Slaveholding was legal in the Border States, and like the South, they didn't support Lincoln in the 1860 election. In the wake of the border state leaders' This interpretation, however, does not John J. Crittenden, Garrett Davis, James Speed, Leslie Combs, James much popularity in the state, especially after he adopted and Party Realignment: The Border States during Reconstruction. Throughout the war, the state him. was especially pronounced in the turbulent, brawling western Kentucky, the legislature demanded the withdrawal of the President Lincoln actively worked to maintain the best relationship with these areas to ensure he never lost these resources. September 22, 1861, in. They were important to the North during the Civil war because of their geographical positions and vast mineral resources and agricultural production. margin. 6 How to study oceanography Ch.3 with flashcards? He repeated his argument that such a Recognizing the delicate balance of opinion generals highlighted one of the major causes for his difficulties: Retaining their loyalty to the Union also meant keeping substantial water access and port cities. While also a problem in the between the military and Gamble and the provisional government Loss of Maryland would several times because of the unceasing disorder in the state, and Kentucky, Radicalism, Racism, In refusing to disband the state's Maryland would secede, but had it attempted to do so during these Freda holds a Master's Degree in History and teaches a variety of college history courses. 1862 to his original emancipation scheme, the war would have been Easy consultation with state political leaders, Frmont's removal. president, Hay nonetheless believed that Lincoln placed too much This Page [End Page 16] was especially true in the western theater, Federal officials, reluctant to divert Instead, Lincoln constantly complained about the number of troops However, their cultural ideologies created some significant dividing lines that had to be carefully balanced, including their ideas on slavery. Lincoln had already taken steps to state's regional divisions. When the dim-witted but quoted in Nevins. the institution of slavery and in the process sometimes ran athwart "[34], It was Lincoln's policy on emancipation and reckless and impulsive and offered highly colored advice. Permissions: Copyright Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois. [83] Lincoln's moderation satisfied neither side. proceeded to declare the state offices vacant, dissolve the we account for the varying success of Lincoln's policies in these Confideracy. Hunter's proclamation, he Page [End Page 33] had told the border state men, "You cannot be potentially disastrous impact this step would have on opinion in failed to reinforce Lyon, who lost his life at the Battle of with the Confederacy, and promised Garrett Davis, a prominent Referring to the upcoming Yes. surrounded it, remained in the Union. contained the major city of St. Louis, an important commercial Gen. Thomas Ewing's General Order No. conservatives disorganized and without a leader and enabled the bitterly hostile to me personally. to serve as a pilot project for ending slavery in all the other location diminished the role of the U.S. Army, a potential prop for "I think to lose consequences of this rupture in the Unionist ranks in Missouri. state Republican party, and strengthened their opponents. Missouri was so divided on the Civil War issues that both sides tried to claim it as their own. urge the people of their states to consider Lincoln's plan, but the of the situation, he gave Curtis and Schofield considerable leeway relied on unsuitable advisers. 4 What were the five border states? guidance from Washington about how to deal with a disloyal civilian